2. The heart was an organ to delicate to tamper with. WWII, they used antibiotics, anethesia, and blood transfusions. Harken tested heart surgery on animals, until he perfected it, and proved that it was possible; he tested it then on humans. Blind surgery, closed heart surgery, spread throughout and became a very safe procedure. (3)
3. Ludwig Rehn 1896, mentioned again. Many advances to heart surgery came after WWII. One disadvantage was that heart surgery had to be done "blind", closed heart surgery. (4)
4. Open heart surgery, where the chest is actually cut open to perform the procedure. Unlike earlier methods of cardiac surgery that were done blind. This surgery was more precise and gave a better view of what was going on in the heart during the process. (5)
5. Doctors have come up with new ideas to make heart surgery easier on both the patient and surgeon. They have made a new robotic arm, one which you don't need to make a big incision to insert below the ribs. The robotic arm come with a camera and moving "fingers" to perform and supervise the surgery. (6)
6. To improve recovery, make it go by faster. They have found a way to get cells from the heart, multiply them, and insert them back in so that the person could overcome a faster recovery. It is called cellular regeneration therapy, it is likely to have caught on over the years due to its success. (6)
7. Cardiac surgeons are now able to perform surgery on the heart without cutting open the ribcage or stopping the heart at all! All that they realy need is a cut that is 3-inches deep. Due to the fact that little cutting is occurring during the surgery, the patients are able to heal faster and healthier, they may go home within two days. (7)
8. Doctors only had to make a 3-inch incision, rather than a 12-inch incision. They used a balloon, inserted through her leg, to stop bloodflow. Full recovery expected in a period of 2-weeks. Other than the fact that the recovery is quicker, the surgery takes the same amount of time and money as the tradition open heart surgery. (8)
9. Carey was able to recover quicker so that she may return to her family. When told about how little had to be done in the surgery process, she was astonished and could not believe how simple it sounded. Now that she had the surgery done, she may pick up her boys and go back to physical activities with no trouble. (8)
10. An extremly quick recovery of just 4 days. Only 4 incisions, pencil sized, were made to get under the breatbone and perform surgery. The patient was shocked at how well he felt right after the surgery. (9)
11. Operations can be done through computers, even with being 100 miles away from the patient on the operating table. Douglas Boyd has performed almost 100 of these types of surgeries with no deaths and little complications whatsoever. Only 5 small incisions are required to perform the surgery and the chest does not have to be opened, at all. (10)
12. Due to the fact that the procedure is very difficult to perform, they must find appropiate donors whose heart will fit in perfectly for the transplant, only performed at last resort. Alexis Carel was the first to attempt a heart transplant back in 1905 until it was actually done on a human in 1967 by Christaain Barnard. (11)
13. Cyclopsporine helped rejection during the heart transplant so that the procedure may be performed successfully. Before the heart transplant there are a series of stages that the patient must go through to prepare for the heart transplant. First the candidate gets selected, then a donor is searched for, the heart is retrieved and stored, then surgery can occur. (11)
14. WWII was where heart transplants originally began. The heart transplant procedure was finally perfected in the late 1950's by American investigators. They proved that heart surgery could be done by first performing it on dogs. Usually, heart transplants on animals were more successful than those done on humans were. (12)
15. One of the difficulties of heart surgery was rejection. Rejection is when the immune system send cells, lymphocytes, and actually blocks off the heart's arteries and attack the heart's muscles. After this the heart must be replaced again, it usually happenes within a 5 year period. Due to this difficulty, the excitement of heart transplants slowly diminished. (12)
16. Dwight Harken successfully removed 134 missiles from the heart area, without a single death, in World War 2. After the war many tried to perfect this upcoming specialty, like Gordon Murray and Charles Bailey. There were two drawbacks to this proccedure, it was done blind and surgeons didn't have much time due to the fact that the heart was still beating during the operation. (13)
17. Until they were able to stop the heart completely, they used a different technique. They would draw out all the blood from the body into a machine that circulated it, during the operation, cooling it. This lowered the temperature of the body and dry the heart, leaving it motionless, so that the surgeon may operate. (13)
18. Heart transplants are given to patients whose hearts are damaged beyond any type of surgical repair. 65 to 70% oh heart transplant patients are alive within the next 5 years, surviving with their new heart.
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19. The study reports on the first phase of a clinical trial that employed this new treatment method on surgical candidates with moderate-severe and severe MR. The procedure involved the positioning of a guide catheter in the left atrium of the heart, far less invasive than open heart surgery. (15)
20. In the United States , as many as 250,000 patients with valvular heart disease suffer from MR and an additional 2 million Americans with other heart diseases experience it to some degree. The study marks a groundbreaking step in the development of new therapies as well as an advance in knowledge of heart surgery. (15)
21. The FDA is expected to fully approve a heart device for use without a transplant. “I would not be here today without the device,” said Shawn Galloway, a heart patient. “People die every single day because they don’t get an organ in time.” The hospitals think as many as 4,000 people a year could be in a new line. (16)
22. Syncardia is a pump implanted in place of the heart powered by a backpack-sized driver so the patient able to leave the hospital and lead a nearly normal life. The device is now used as a bridge to transplant a life giver until a donor is found. But there is another vision. (16)
23. Growth in the cardiac surgery market, particularly the CABG market, has been limited by the adoption of minimally invasive techniques, such as coronary angioplasty. The development of minimally invasive percutaneous heart valve therapy. (17)
24. The first operation is harvesting the heart from the donor. The donor is usually an unfortunate person who has suffered irreversible brain injury, called "brain death". The second operation is removing the recipient's damaged heart. Removing the damaged heart may be very easy or very difficult, depending on whether the recipient has had previous heart surgery. The third operation is probably the easiest; the implantation of the donor heart. Today, this operation basically involves the creation of only five lines of stitches. (18)
25. The idea of replacing a bad organ with a good one has been documented in ancient mythology. The first real organ transplants were probably skin grafts that may have been done in India as early as the second century B.C. E.Demikhov switched the hearts between two dogs. The dogs survived the surgery. The first heart transplant in human beings was done in South Africa in 1967 by Dr. Christiaan Barnard; the patient only lived 18 days. (18)
26. Before surgery, your chest is shaved (if needed) and cleansed with an antiseptic solution. Your arms are the padded down to your sides to prevent them from moving too much during the operation. To clear your bladder, a foly catheter is used during and after surgery to make sure all fluids are out. Then, you are attached to a heart-lung machine that circulates your blood during surgery. Incisions are made and then surgeons open up the breatbone to allow full access to all parts of the heart. (19)
27. To remove your heart for the transplant the surgeon disconnects the main arteries and leaves behind the back parts of the right and left atria. The new heart is then sewn into the chest, connected to the remaining parts of the atria, this is called the orthotopic procedure. Your chest it then closed up and once the heart begins to function the patient is removed from the heart-lung machine. The surgeon then inserts tubes into the chest to permit drainage of excess fluids that may accumulate as the patient recovers. (19)
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